It’s perhaps not widely known
that Norway practiced sustained and systemic discrimination against its Sami
population for several centuries, discrimination now known as Norwegianization
[fornorsking].
As described on Wikipedia, Norwegianization (Fornorsking
av samer) was an official policy carried out by the Norwegian government directed at the Sami and later the Kven people of northern Norway to assimilate
non-Norwegian-speaking native populations into an ethnically and culturally
uniform Norwegian population.
One of the
results of the prohibitions against schooling in the Sami language (largely
Northern Sami as spoken in Norway), including sending many Sami children to
boarding schools away from their families, is that a great number of Sami,
especially those who grew up outside certain districts in Sápmi, such as
Finnmark, never learned the language. Finland and Sweden had their own forms of suppressing Sami languages and culture.
What does
that mean for Sami literature, and for authors who identify as Sami but who write
in one of the Nordic languages, either to reach a wider audience or because in
many cases they never learned one of the Sami languages due to state policies
that discouraged or forbade it?
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| Linnea
Axelsson, author of Ædnan |
In Sweden,
it is notable that the esteemed August literary prize for
2018 was awarded to Ædnan, by Linnea
Axelsson, a Sami author from Porjus. Ædnan,
written in Swedish as an epic poem, is almost 800 pages long. You can read an excerpt
in Saskia Vogel’s translation,
published in Words Without Borders, and
interview between Axelsson and Vogel here.
The book has received rave reviews in the Swedish press. For many readers it
brought the history and struggle of the Sami in Sweden to life for the first
time.
Today I happened
to read an article in Norwegian, originally posted on NRK on June 20, 2019 and cross-posted
on the website of the Norwegian Writers’ Union about recent rules in the Sami
Authors’ Union that prevent Sami authors who don’t write in Sami from becoming members
of the association.
I’ve
translated it into English below:
Historically untrue and discriminatory
Several authors respond to the Sami Authors' Union excluding
Sami who do not write in Sami. This has created great divisions.
After this year's annual meeting, it was made clear that Sami
who don’t write in a Sami language cannot become a member of the union. If you
write in Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish or Russian, you are thus excluded. If you
are not a member, you also cannot receive a fellowship or be nominated for the
Nordic Council Literature Prize.
Author Susanne Hætta believes it is shocking that the union is
excluding "their own." She says, “I think it's historically untrue,
it's exclusionary, and it's discriminatory.”
Hætta herself writes in Norwegian, and became a member
before the membership criteria changed last year. Despite resistance, a change
of last year's decision was voted down in the recent annual meeting. Hætta believes "language discrimination" is extra-shocking
when the reason why many Sami do not have Sami as their mother tongue is former
Norwegian-language policy.
And Hætta is not the only member of the writers' union that
is shaken. Lene E. Westerås believes the decision is in violation of the Gender
Equality and Discrimination Act. “What was adopted is against Norwegian law and
it was initiated by racism. I get chills in my body thinking about it.”
The chair of the Sami Authors’ Union, Inga Ravna Eira, says
that the reason for the decision has to do with concerns that an increasingly
smaller part of the Sami population speaks Sami. She responds to the criticism:
“I can understand their reactions very
well. But our intention was to save the Sami language. It was not our goal to
discriminate against anyone. But when making such a decision, these are the
consequences.”
Eira is supported by the deputy chair Karen Anne Buljo: “I
respect the members' feelings, but we are in the middle of Norwegianization [fornorsking]
which is completely unstoppable. Therefore, it is important to take a
position.”
Susanne Hætta criticizes the leadership style, believing
that they now have an authors’ union that that appears anything but unified. “We
are a divided union. The leader used a divide-and-conquer technique, and it has
worked well for what she has tried to do.”
Eira denies that she has tried to divide the union, only to
protect the Sami language.
But Susanne Hætta still believes that the decision is a loss,
not just for the authors who can’t get membership, but for all of Norwegian
literature. “It is wounding, it is very sad for all those who cannot write in
Sami. And Sami literature is not just related to the "correct"
language.
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| Susanne Hætta and Lene E. Westerås |
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